Pakistan Closes NATO Supply Route

Authors: Jane Perlez (The New York Times) and BBC World News

September 30th 2010

In Pakistan there were 3 members of the border police that had died, which caused Pakistan to close their most important border. 

The New York Times said that there was a helicopter collision which had caused these deaths. The border that used to supply the NATO, (A.K.A. North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and other American’s in Afghanistan. They also said that the border was closed many other times before, such as the time when American Aircraft had bombed a tribal of Pakistan which had killed 11 people. The same story in BBC World News says that NATO did cross the Pakistan border and fired at them because they thought that they were suspected militants. But for now the Interior Minister of Pakistan Rehman Malik said that "We will have to see whether we are allies or enemies."

I choose to write about this article because I’m from Pakistan and like reading news about my country.

HW#8

1) Hobbes thought that a government like this would impose order and demand obedience to the people.

2) A) Some of the important documents include, the Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence, U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as well as many others.                                                    

    B) I think that the ideas of natural powers which are in the Declaration of Independence are the most important because they gave the most important laws that the United States. Then I think that the women’s equality is important because it gave women more rights and power. And now in present day we have women working in our government and in many other areas where they were not allowed.

3) A) Enlightenment: The movement of the scientific revolution, which was also known as the Age of Reason.

Social Contract: An agreement by which people create a government. In the year 1762 there was a man named Rousseau who wrote a book on his political philosophy and it was called the Social Contract. Both Hobbes and Rousseau had their own views on this.

John Locke: Him and Thomas Hobbes worked together to start the Enlightenment with some key ideas.  But while they were working together they had seen different views and later they ended with different conclusions.

Natural Rights: These rights were known as life, liberty, property. And John Locke was the one who had created this idea.

Voltaire: Was a pen name for a man named François Marie, who is a philosophe.

Baron de Montesquieu: Is a French writer, who devoted his life to study political liberty.

Separation of Powers:  Montesquieu called this the division of powers of powers among different branches which are called the separation of powers.

Jean Jacques Rousseau: The third great philosophe.  He helped with the individual freedom that people wanted. He had many jobs which include things like writer, engraver, music teacher, tutor, and secretary.

Mary Wollstonecraft: She was a woman who fought for women’s rights to be equal as men. She lived from 1759-1797. 

  B)-Thinker: Thomas Hobbes

Ideas: Had a part in the Enlightenment where he wrote some key ideas. Wrote all of his ideas in his book called the Leviathan, and gave the ideas for the social contract. 

-Thinker: Voltaire 

Ideas: He published more than 70 books on political essays, philosophy, history, and even more.

-Thinker: Montesquieu

Ideas: He devoted himself to the study of political liberty.

-Thinker: Rousseau

Ideas: He helped people get individual freedom.

-Thinker: Beccaria

Ideas: The justice system.

-Thinker: Wollstonecraft

Ideas: Women rights.

  C) "Power should be a check to power" -Baron de Montesquieu

"Man is free and everywhere he is in chains" -Jean Jacques Rousseau

“Let women share the rights and she will emulate the virtues of men” -Mary Wollstonecraft

HW#5

1)
Scientific Revolution: Is a new way of thinking about the natural world. And these new ideas come from people's observations. 

Nicolaus Copernicus: Is a Polish cleric and astronomer. He was troubled when the geocentric theory was not accurate with the movement of planets such as, the moon and sun. Then after his 25 years of studying he found out that everything orbited around the sun. In the year 1543 he published the heliocentric theory which told people about his theory. But people in his time did not believe him and they had him kidded because they thought that it was something to do with religion. But in this present day everyone knows that his theory is true.
Heliocentric Theory: Was published by Nicolaus Copernicus in the year 1543 after he had done his 25 years of studying. It was also known as sun-centered. This theory talked about how the earth and other planets orbited around the sun. While most people did not agree with him, there was Danish astronomer named Tycho Brahe and his assistant, Johannes Kepler that built Copernicus's theory.
Johannes Kepler: A really smart mathematician, who was also Tycho Brahe's assistant. Kepler continued Brahe's work after he had died in the year 1601. The laws that Kepler had showed that Copernicus’s basic ideas were true. The main difference between his and Copernicus's ideas were that one of the laws he showed were that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.

Galileo Galilei: Was a 17-year-old Italian student, during the year 1581. He was at a cathedral and he was closely looking at a chandelier swing on its chain. In his time a person named Aristotle had gave a theory that a pendulum swings at a slower rhythm as it approaches its resting place. Then Galilei proved that this was wrong by saying that in each swing of the pendulum took exactly the same amount of time. And with this information he had figured out, he had discovered the law of the pendulum. He had also tested another one of Aristotle's theories and he had proven it wrong again. Aristotle thought that if you drop a heavy and light object in the same time, the heavier object would fall first. But Galilei tested it and they both fell at the same time.

Scientific Method: Was developed with the help and work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. The scientific method is made by a bunch of procedures that fallow right after the other. The first level is observation, when they look and find something and question things about it. Then with all their information they form a hypothesis. Then the hypothesis is tested in an experiment. Then the last step is when the scientists put what they found out together to make a new conclusion.

Francis Bacon: Is an English politician and writer, who had a lot of interest in science. He and René Descartes both started and created the scientific method. He told medieval scholars that people like Aristotle should gather information together and test it before making a conclusion. 

René Descartes: In France he developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry. This was an important new tool for scientific research. He also helped Francis Bacon start and create the scientific method. 

Isaac Newton: An English scientist, who studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University, during the mid-1600's when he was about 24-years-old. He had discovered the law of gravity by the help of all the information that the scientist before him discovered. His theory was that all objects had the same force pushing down at them. He had also discovered the law of universal gravity, where all objects in the universe attracts the other objects. 

2)

-Causes of the Scientific Revolution

  -Nicolaus Copernicus published the Heliocentric Theory which said that everything orbited around the sun. 
  -Johannes Kepler discovered that planets revolved around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.
  -Galileo Galilei discovered the law of pendulum.
  -Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity and that all objects in the universe attract all other objects. 
  -Francis Bacon told scholars to gather information first and experiment, then make a conclusion.

HW#4

1) Canon Law is a law made by the Church and it goes for all medieval Christians, such as kings and peasants. It was a law that instructed people about things like marriage and religious practices. If people violated any of these laws they would be put in court. The two biggest punishments were excommunication, where you would be kicked out of that Church. And interdict where many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king's land, and also would force a German emperor to submit to the pope's commands.
2) If a king did not fallow the canon law, he would be banished which meant that he would be denied salvation. And also would free all of the king's vassals from their duty to him. If he continued to disobey, then he would be given an interdict.

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