HW#20

1) Terms And Names
Laissez faire- An economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.
Adam Smith- A professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, who defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets.
Capitalism- An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit.
Utilitarianism- A philosophy in which people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness.
Socialism-An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
Karl Marx- A German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism.
Communism- A form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people.
Union- Voluntary associations which workers join to press for reform.
Collective bargaining- Negotiations between workers and their employers.
Strike- Refusal to work.

2) Taking Notes
Capitalism is an economical system that was based on the foundations of many people. Marxism is a type of socialism created by Karl Marx. In capitalism, government can't intervene with businesses. Businesses compete with other businesses in order to provide goods and services at a less expensive cost and better quality. At the same time, consumers try to purchase these products at the least cost and best quality. Marxism are the ideas of Karl Marx. The ideas of Marxism says that the Industrial Revolution is increasing the struggle between classes. Workers are exploited by their employers for their own profit. Marxism says that as capitalism goes on, eventually it would destroy itself. A society will develop in which there will be no classes.

3) Identifying Problems 
During the 1800s, factory workers had to work for long hours under dangerous working conditions and had to worry about being laid off. These working conditions caused many people in the 1800s to actively be a past of politics. People joined unions in order to push for reforms to be made. Unions would participate in collective bargaining, a negotiation between workers and employer, in order to get better working conditions and higher wages. If these demands were refused by the employer, then the workers wouldn't go to work or go on strike.

4) Analyzing Themes 
In my opinion, economic forces aren't the only forces that dominate society. There are plenty of other forces put there such as ethic loyalties and the desire for democracy. Many historical events such as revolutions were made possible because of these different forces. During the French Revolution, people desired a democracy in order to have more rights for the people. This driving force caused the people to overthrow their king and to set up a new government. In the 1800s, Nationalists began to create nation-states which were occupy by people of the same ethics and common bonds. These people fueled by their ethnic loyalties fought in many wars to unify their people together.

HW#19

Industrial Revolution- The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century.

Enclosure- Large fields enclosed with fences or hedges that was cultivated using new seeding and harvesting methods.

Crop rotation- Process by which different crops are planted each year in the same field.

Industrialization- Process of developing machine production of goods.

Factors of production- The resources needed to produce goods and services.

Factory- Large buildings where wealthy textile merchants set up machines that made thread.

Entrepreneur- A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

HW#18

1) Terms and Names:

Peninsulares- People that were in the highest rank in the Spanish American Society. To be one you had to be born in Spain and chosen from the king to rule over the colonies to be a Peninsulares.

Creoles- Are Spanish people who were born in the Latin American colonies. They were people that could not become leaders and rulers. The only thing they could grow up to be are generals of the Army.

Mullatos- People that are not fully Spanish they had some culture from Latin Americans as well. They were not allowed to rent land from Creoles or start small businesses.

Simon Bolivar- Highly educated as well as a brilliant general. Born in a wealthy Venezuelan Creole.

José de San Martín- A career military officer born in Argentina, simple and modest man helped Bolivar liberate much of Latin America.

Miguel Hidalgo- A priest from a small village of Dolores, a poor but well educated man; he rang the bells of his church, gathered peasants, and marched toward Mexico with an army of 60,000.

José Morelos- Another priest, after death of Miguel he took control of the peasant army, by 1813 he had control of most of southern Mexico, in the end he was captured and shot dead by the Spanish.

3)

Liberal’s main goals were to create peace and improve diplomatic relations. Bismarck on the other hand wanted to expand Prussia's territory by creating a great military. This is clearly mentioned in his speech “Blood & Iron”. Blood & Iron probably meant solving issues using violence. First he damaged Austria by taunting them to attack and wining quick victories. He avoided ruining his reputation by not attacking the Austrians but letting them get the first hit and by winning his battles quickly he increased his reputation among with National spirit. Then he provoked France to attack him by changing a telegram and angering the French and they attacked the Southern German states which were earlier separate agreed to join the Prussian nation after Prussia's victory over France. Thus he completed the unification process of Germany.

HW#17

-Skill Builder

1) The two other elements are language and society.

2) The factors that are needed are language, territory, religion, history, and nationality.

-Geography

1) During the years 1858-1870 but the specific amount of territory was in the year 1866.

2) The land that they lost was all Northern Italy except for the Venetia area.

-Geography (Pg. 617)

1) The unusual thing about the territory in the year 1865 was when there were other countries that separated Prussia into different places.

2) The biggest expansion of Prussia Territory was in the year 1871 when German joined Prussia.

HW#15

1) Bolivar had accomplished many things. He was able to be the president of Peru but he chose not to. He also created the Republic of Colombia which in present day are the countries Ecuador and Venezuela.

2) He was very famous because if two main reasons. First he helped many countries gained their independence from the Spanish Empire. And the second most important is that he became the president of Venezuela and Peru.

3) He worked to defeat the Spaniard monarchy and help other countries gain back their independence.

4) He was fighting to free the countries that were being controlled by the Spaniard monarchy.

4) France: Simon witnessed the coronation of Napoleon in Notre Dame.

Colombia:  Simon was the creator and president of this country.

Ecuador: An interview takes place with Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.

Spain: Simon married María Teresa Rodríguez Del Toro y Alaiza in 1802.

Peru: Simon meets Manuela Sáenz, a lover of Bolivar.

HW#16

 Question 1 (Terms)

1) Peninsulas – People born in Spain.

2) Creoles – Spaniards born in Latin America

3) Mulattos – People who are a mix of European and African descent.

4) Simon Bolivar – He was a wealthy Venezuelan creole.

5) Jose de San Martin – He was a great liberator and a modest man.

6) Miguel Hidalgo – He was a priest in the small village of Dolores

7) Jose Morelos – He was a very important Leader and he helped many people.

Question 4

I think Spain does not have the right to rule South America because of many reasons. The main that I think is that there were people already living there so they have to respect that there are people already living there and that it is their territory

Project #1 (Essay)

           The French Revolution started in 1789 and there were many people who had been affected by this. People in France were affected the most because the revolution was taking place in their country. But the people outside of France were being affected as well but they were just getting help and other important things while the other people were suffering in France.

            The biggest changes that happen to France in this time were things like the political, economic, and social causes. In the political view, King Louis XVI had the power to do about anything he wanted. He was able to start a war on other places, and many other things like send people to prison without even giving them a trial. In the economic view, the people were getting poorer. The first estate had the most problems because they already had little money to start with so they were in even harder times now. And the social causes were getting really poor, especially the 1^st estate. In document 4 there was a poor lady in the 1^st estate and she told a man about the problems she was having. And she said that they were being taxed a lot as well as new laws that were being made, which were affecting her a lot because they already did not have enough money before the French Revolution started.

            The French Revolution affected France the most. I think this because most of the problems are happening in France while the places around them were benefiting from their problems. One of the biggest problems in France was when the new taxes and laws being added to the people. And all of this was happening during the French Revolution when people already were having troubles. Another problem that people had was fear. People feared that they might do something wrong or even look suspicious and they would have to go to jail or get killed. But then when everyone in France had to do something in the army, there were people scared then too. Most of the men had to fight and most of the women had to heal the wounded soldiers. But I think that it was very good to think about how everyone working in the army were working together and helping each other because they all had a job to do in the army. 

            While the whole country of France was suffering from this revolution, the places around France were having a great time. The countries around France were having much stronger governments and many other things. Some countries had so much power that they were able to overthrow Napoleonic institutions. But still even after the French Revolution, many parts of Europe people were impressed by what the Revolution accomplished than what it failed to do.

            The French Revolution ended ten years later, in the year 1799. Many things would not happen in Europe if the French Revolution did not take place. So in the end it was very important. Some of the laws would not have been in the law book of France without the French Revolution. 

HW#14

-List of countries he controlled in Europe

1) Switzerland

2) Spain

3) Grand Duchy of Warsaw

4) Italy

5) Confederation of the Rhine

6) Kingdom of Naples

-Text Book Questions

1) Napoleon Bonaparte - A very powerful ruler who went up the ranks and became what he deserved to be. He was a French general, political leader, and emperor. He crowned himself emperor in 1804. And by that time he had conquered much of Europe.

Coup d' état - A sudden change in a government. Most of the time this change is done illegally or by being forced too.

Plebiscite - A vote of the qualified voters of a state in regard to some important public question.

Lycée - A secondary school in France which was ran by the government.

Concordat - An agreement between the pope and a secular government regarding the regulation of church matters.

Napoleonic Code - The civil code of France enacted in 1804 and officially designated in 1807.

Battle of Trafalgar - A battle on sea between the British and French. This was the time when Napoleon was the French emperor.

3) In my opinion I think that Napoleon was the creation of his times. His whole life becoming a powerful ruler began when he was defended the delegates on the National Convention where he got a lot of his power and fame. After that he fought and won all of the battles that he faced. He had only lost one battle but he already had so much power and fame that it really didn’t matter. So in the end he became one of the most powerful rulers of Europe and he proved this by conquering most Europe.

4) I think that the issues inside France were more crucial than the ones outside of France because if your gain the trust and respect from the citizens first then you can deal with anything else outside.

-How Napoleon came to control the French government

1) Napoleon came to control of the French government in many ways, the main reason was my going up the ranks. One of the first things he did was becoming a lieutenant. As a lieutenant he defended the delegates of the National Convention and this this made the French Republic very happy which caused people to trust him and get fame. When he was a general he had won many battles against countries and areas that were attacking them such as, Australia. Since he had so much trust and fame, that led people to believe that he was worthy of being powerful ruler. So in the year 1800, there was vote and that gave him the real power that he deserved. 

HW#13

1) I think they would dislike the 1^st and 2^nd rights the most because they would think that since they were born in a high class the lower classes were born low so they shouldn’t get the equal amount of rights as them.

2) I think the 1^st law is the most basic rights of a man because it tells men that they are all born equal and are free.

3) I think the document that resembles this the best is the Declaration of Independence which had a lot of ideas from John Locke.

HW#12

-A

1) It let the peasants be equal to the first and second estates.

2) The assembly wanted to make the Church part of the state but the peasants though the pope should rule over a church independent state.

3) The power to create French laws and to approve or prevent any war the king declared on other regions.

4) The changes were taking place.

5) Many people died, and they felt like they were victims.

6) Build a ‘republic of virtue’.

7) More than 2,100 people died.

-B

 -Émigrés

  -Nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprising.

  -They hoped that they can undo the Revolution and restore the Old regine.

 -San-Culottes

  -The most radical group.

  -Wanted a bigger say in the government.

 -Jacobin

  -Wanted to remove the king and establish a republic.

  -Edited a radical paper in the revolution.

HW#11

-Skill Builder

1) The first and second estate is above the third estate because of their rank and wealth. Also the first and second estates have a very few in number of people while the third estate has the most people as shown in the political cartoon.

2) I think they would oppose to change because they see that the first and second estates are much wealthier, cleaner, and they get everything that they want and need.

-Connect To Today

1) In present day a poor person would be wearing dirty and raggedy clothes as well as ripped or torn shoes. And a rich man would be wearing brand name suits, pants, and shoes. But it really makes a difference on which area you are looking at. For example, if you go to a rich neighborhood then the poor people won’t look as poor or there might not be any at all. And if you go to a poor area then the rich people won’t look at rich.

Pakistan Closes NATO Supply Route

Authors: Jane Perlez (The New York Times) and BBC World News

September 30th 2010

In Pakistan there were 3 members of the border police that had died, which caused Pakistan to close their most important border. 

The New York Times said that there was a helicopter collision which had caused these deaths. The border that used to supply the NATO, (A.K.A. North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and other American’s in Afghanistan. They also said that the border was closed many other times before, such as the time when American Aircraft had bombed a tribal of Pakistan which had killed 11 people. The same story in BBC World News says that NATO did cross the Pakistan border and fired at them because they thought that they were suspected militants. But for now the Interior Minister of Pakistan Rehman Malik said that "We will have to see whether we are allies or enemies."

I choose to write about this article because I’m from Pakistan and like reading news about my country.

HW#8

1) Hobbes thought that a government like this would impose order and demand obedience to the people.

2) A) Some of the important documents include, the Fundamental to U.S. Declaration of Independence, U.S. Bill of Rights, French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as well as many others.                                                    

    B) I think that the ideas of natural powers which are in the Declaration of Independence are the most important because they gave the most important laws that the United States. Then I think that the women’s equality is important because it gave women more rights and power. And now in present day we have women working in our government and in many other areas where they were not allowed.

3) A) Enlightenment: The movement of the scientific revolution, which was also known as the Age of Reason.

Social Contract: An agreement by which people create a government. In the year 1762 there was a man named Rousseau who wrote a book on his political philosophy and it was called the Social Contract. Both Hobbes and Rousseau had their own views on this.

John Locke: Him and Thomas Hobbes worked together to start the Enlightenment with some key ideas.  But while they were working together they had seen different views and later they ended with different conclusions.

Natural Rights: These rights were known as life, liberty, property. And John Locke was the one who had created this idea.

Voltaire: Was a pen name for a man named François Marie, who is a philosophe.

Baron de Montesquieu: Is a French writer, who devoted his life to study political liberty.

Separation of Powers:  Montesquieu called this the division of powers of powers among different branches which are called the separation of powers.

Jean Jacques Rousseau: The third great philosophe.  He helped with the individual freedom that people wanted. He had many jobs which include things like writer, engraver, music teacher, tutor, and secretary.

Mary Wollstonecraft: She was a woman who fought for women’s rights to be equal as men. She lived from 1759-1797. 

  B)-Thinker: Thomas Hobbes

Ideas: Had a part in the Enlightenment where he wrote some key ideas. Wrote all of his ideas in his book called the Leviathan, and gave the ideas for the social contract. 

-Thinker: Voltaire 

Ideas: He published more than 70 books on political essays, philosophy, history, and even more.

-Thinker: Montesquieu

Ideas: He devoted himself to the study of political liberty.

-Thinker: Rousseau

Ideas: He helped people get individual freedom.

-Thinker: Beccaria

Ideas: The justice system.

-Thinker: Wollstonecraft

Ideas: Women rights.

  C) "Power should be a check to power" -Baron de Montesquieu

"Man is free and everywhere he is in chains" -Jean Jacques Rousseau

“Let women share the rights and she will emulate the virtues of men” -Mary Wollstonecraft

HW#5

1)
Scientific Revolution: Is a new way of thinking about the natural world. And these new ideas come from people's observations. 

Nicolaus Copernicus: Is a Polish cleric and astronomer. He was troubled when the geocentric theory was not accurate with the movement of planets such as, the moon and sun. Then after his 25 years of studying he found out that everything orbited around the sun. In the year 1543 he published the heliocentric theory which told people about his theory. But people in his time did not believe him and they had him kidded because they thought that it was something to do with religion. But in this present day everyone knows that his theory is true.
Heliocentric Theory: Was published by Nicolaus Copernicus in the year 1543 after he had done his 25 years of studying. It was also known as sun-centered. This theory talked about how the earth and other planets orbited around the sun. While most people did not agree with him, there was Danish astronomer named Tycho Brahe and his assistant, Johannes Kepler that built Copernicus's theory.
Johannes Kepler: A really smart mathematician, who was also Tycho Brahe's assistant. Kepler continued Brahe's work after he had died in the year 1601. The laws that Kepler had showed that Copernicus’s basic ideas were true. The main difference between his and Copernicus's ideas were that one of the laws he showed were that planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.

Galileo Galilei: Was a 17-year-old Italian student, during the year 1581. He was at a cathedral and he was closely looking at a chandelier swing on its chain. In his time a person named Aristotle had gave a theory that a pendulum swings at a slower rhythm as it approaches its resting place. Then Galilei proved that this was wrong by saying that in each swing of the pendulum took exactly the same amount of time. And with this information he had figured out, he had discovered the law of the pendulum. He had also tested another one of Aristotle's theories and he had proven it wrong again. Aristotle thought that if you drop a heavy and light object in the same time, the heavier object would fall first. But Galilei tested it and they both fell at the same time.

Scientific Method: Was developed with the help and work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. The scientific method is made by a bunch of procedures that fallow right after the other. The first level is observation, when they look and find something and question things about it. Then with all their information they form a hypothesis. Then the hypothesis is tested in an experiment. Then the last step is when the scientists put what they found out together to make a new conclusion.

Francis Bacon: Is an English politician and writer, who had a lot of interest in science. He and René Descartes both started and created the scientific method. He told medieval scholars that people like Aristotle should gather information together and test it before making a conclusion. 

René Descartes: In France he developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry. This was an important new tool for scientific research. He also helped Francis Bacon start and create the scientific method. 

Isaac Newton: An English scientist, who studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University, during the mid-1600's when he was about 24-years-old. He had discovered the law of gravity by the help of all the information that the scientist before him discovered. His theory was that all objects had the same force pushing down at them. He had also discovered the law of universal gravity, where all objects in the universe attracts the other objects. 

2)

-Causes of the Scientific Revolution

  -Nicolaus Copernicus published the Heliocentric Theory which said that everything orbited around the sun. 
  -Johannes Kepler discovered that planets revolved around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles.
  -Galileo Galilei discovered the law of pendulum.
  -Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravity and that all objects in the universe attract all other objects. 
  -Francis Bacon told scholars to gather information first and experiment, then make a conclusion.

HW#4

1) Canon Law is a law made by the Church and it goes for all medieval Christians, such as kings and peasants. It was a law that instructed people about things like marriage and religious practices. If people violated any of these laws they would be put in court. The two biggest punishments were excommunication, where you would be kicked out of that Church. And interdict where many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king's land, and also would force a German emperor to submit to the pope's commands.
2) If a king did not fallow the canon law, he would be banished which meant that he would be denied salvation. And also would free all of the king's vassals from their duty to him. If he continued to disobey, then he would be given an interdict.

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