HW#20

1) Terms And Names
Laissez faire- An economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference.
Adam Smith- A professor at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, who defended the idea of a free economy, or free markets.
Capitalism- An economic system in which money is invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit.
Utilitarianism- A philosophy in which people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility, or usefulness.
Socialism-An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all.
Karl Marx- A German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type of socialism called Marxism.
Communism- A form of complete socialism in which the means of production—all land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—would be owned by the people.
Union- Voluntary associations which workers join to press for reform.
Collective bargaining- Negotiations between workers and their employers.
Strike- Refusal to work.

2) Taking Notes
Capitalism is an economical system that was based on the foundations of many people. Marxism is a type of socialism created by Karl Marx. In capitalism, government can't intervene with businesses. Businesses compete with other businesses in order to provide goods and services at a less expensive cost and better quality. At the same time, consumers try to purchase these products at the least cost and best quality. Marxism are the ideas of Karl Marx. The ideas of Marxism says that the Industrial Revolution is increasing the struggle between classes. Workers are exploited by their employers for their own profit. Marxism says that as capitalism goes on, eventually it would destroy itself. A society will develop in which there will be no classes.

3) Identifying Problems 
During the 1800s, factory workers had to work for long hours under dangerous working conditions and had to worry about being laid off. These working conditions caused many people in the 1800s to actively be a past of politics. People joined unions in order to push for reforms to be made. Unions would participate in collective bargaining, a negotiation between workers and employer, in order to get better working conditions and higher wages. If these demands were refused by the employer, then the workers wouldn't go to work or go on strike.

4) Analyzing Themes 
In my opinion, economic forces aren't the only forces that dominate society. There are plenty of other forces put there such as ethic loyalties and the desire for democracy. Many historical events such as revolutions were made possible because of these different forces. During the French Revolution, people desired a democracy in order to have more rights for the people. This driving force caused the people to overthrow their king and to set up a new government. In the 1800s, Nationalists began to create nation-states which were occupy by people of the same ethics and common bonds. These people fueled by their ethnic loyalties fought in many wars to unify their people together.

HW#19

Industrial Revolution- The greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18th century.

Enclosure- Large fields enclosed with fences or hedges that was cultivated using new seeding and harvesting methods.

Crop rotation- Process by which different crops are planted each year in the same field.

Industrialization- Process of developing machine production of goods.

Factors of production- The resources needed to produce goods and services.

Factory- Large buildings where wealthy textile merchants set up machines that made thread.

Entrepreneur- A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

HW#18

1) Terms and Names:

Peninsulares- People that were in the highest rank in the Spanish American Society. To be one you had to be born in Spain and chosen from the king to rule over the colonies to be a Peninsulares.

Creoles- Are Spanish people who were born in the Latin American colonies. They were people that could not become leaders and rulers. The only thing they could grow up to be are generals of the Army.

Mullatos- People that are not fully Spanish they had some culture from Latin Americans as well. They were not allowed to rent land from Creoles or start small businesses.

Simon Bolivar- Highly educated as well as a brilliant general. Born in a wealthy Venezuelan Creole.

José de San Martín- A career military officer born in Argentina, simple and modest man helped Bolivar liberate much of Latin America.

Miguel Hidalgo- A priest from a small village of Dolores, a poor but well educated man; he rang the bells of his church, gathered peasants, and marched toward Mexico with an army of 60,000.

José Morelos- Another priest, after death of Miguel he took control of the peasant army, by 1813 he had control of most of southern Mexico, in the end he was captured and shot dead by the Spanish.

3)

Liberal’s main goals were to create peace and improve diplomatic relations. Bismarck on the other hand wanted to expand Prussia's territory by creating a great military. This is clearly mentioned in his speech “Blood & Iron”. Blood & Iron probably meant solving issues using violence. First he damaged Austria by taunting them to attack and wining quick victories. He avoided ruining his reputation by not attacking the Austrians but letting them get the first hit and by winning his battles quickly he increased his reputation among with National spirit. Then he provoked France to attack him by changing a telegram and angering the French and they attacked the Southern German states which were earlier separate agreed to join the Prussian nation after Prussia's victory over France. Thus he completed the unification process of Germany.